FAQ – Energy label for tyres
Purpose
The energy label for tyres indicates the rolling resistance and rolling noise level (two environmental aspects) of tyres, as well as their degree of grip on wet roads (wet traction). In addition, the label provides information about the tyre's snow and ice grip. The label is intended to help consumers choose the most suitable tyres for their vehicle. The objective here is to enhance road safety and simultaneously reduce fuel consumption and traffic noise.
It is estimated that the potential effects of the energy label for tyres are considerable. In an external study carried out by the EU to assess the potential impacts of the label, depending on the pace of market transformation an energy saving potential was estimated that is equivalent to a reduction in the car fleet by 3 to 8 percent of all new registrations. In addition, the label is expected to reduce the level of traffic noise at source and thus increase the quality of life. At the same time, road safety has to be assured. Because a conflict arises between safety and energy efficiency, the energy label for tyres also provides information about grip on wet roads (wet traction) as an important safety aspect.
Tests have shown that tyres account for around 20 percent of fuel consumption. Here, rolling resistance accounts for 16 percent and air resistance for 4 percent. Reducing the rolling resistance results in lower fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, and thus increases energy efficiency in the road transport sector. A 10-percent reduction in rolling resistance lowers fuel consumption by around 1.5 percent, which equates to a reduction in CO2 emissions by 2 grams per driven kilometre. The reduction in fuel consumption can be up to 0.5 litres per 100 kilometres. Because lower rolling resistance is in conflict with a tyre’s road holding properties and thus with its safety, wet traction is also a component of the energy label for tyres.
Traffic noise is a considerable disturbance that has often underestimated consequences for our health. In Switzerland, around 1.2 million people are exposed to excessive levels of noise caused by road traffic. Noise gives rise to external costs of more than a billion Swiss francs a year (health costs, property devaluation). Because it contributes significantly to noise pollution depending on the vehicle’s speed, the rolling resistance of tyres was included in the label. A reduction in road traffic noise by 3 decibels (one label category) is equivalent to a halving of the road traffic volume, which means that, in Switzerland alone, a total of 650,000 people would be freed from exposure to excessive noise.
Legal aspects and areas of application
Appendix 4.2 of the Federal Energy Efficiency Ordinance (in German) regulates the indication of the fuel efficiency category and other properties of tyres. It stipulates how the label has to be displayed and also regulates the corresponding data that are not visible where tyres are offered for sale.
The above appendix is oriented on Regulation (EU) No. 2020/740.
The Federal Energy Efficiency Ordinance entered into force in Switzerland on 1 August 2014. On 1 May 2021, the completely updated EU tyre label was introduced in Switzerland.
The following is a list of the main areas of application (not exhaustive):
- If the promotional material advertises a specific tyre type, the tyre label must be shown. If the advertisement states the price of the tyre, the tyre label has to be displayed in the immediate vicinity of the price indication. This applies to all visual advertisements.
- For visual advertisements on the internet for a specific type of tyre, suppliers may make the tyre label available in a nested display. In this case, the tyre label may be in a smaller format. However, it must be possible to open it with one click and thus display it legibly.
- Tyres on display at the point of sale must bear a tyre label in the form of a sticker which is in a clearly visible position and is fully legible. The product information sheet must be available and, upon request, in printed form.
- If tyres for sale are not visible to the end-user at the time of sale, distributors must ensure that they provide the end-user with a copy of the tyre label before the sale.
- When offering tyres for sale on the internet, distributors must ensure that the tyre label is displayed in the vicinity of the price and that the product information sheet can be accessed. The tyre label must be large enough to be clearly visible and legible.
- If sales brochures list tyres in the form of a table, the information about the tyre label may also be given in a table. It is important that the information is complete and that the individual elements of the tyre label are explained at the beginning of the brochure.
- If the advertising or promotional material for new vehicles mentions specific tyres (with the brand name and model), the information about the tyre label must be stated.
- If the buyer of a new vehicle is explicitly given a choice between various tyres (with the brand name and model), the information about the tyre label must be given in each case.
- The tyre label of the mounted tyres must be supplied when the vehicle is handed over.
Distributors may continue to advertise and sell tyres which still have the previous tyre label. It is not necessary to replace the label on such tyres.
In accordance with Appendix 4.2 of the Federal Energy Efficiency Ordinance, the energy label for tyres is not required for:
- Tyres for harsh off-road use
- Tyres that are exclusively designed for assembly on vehicles that were initially registered before 1 October 1990 Type
- T (temporary use) spare tyres
- Tyres with a maximum permissible speed of 80 km/h
- Tyres with a nominal diameter ≤254 mm or ≥635 mm
- Tyres fitted with an auxiliary device to improve traction, e.g. studs or spikes
- Tyres intended for assembly exclusively on vehicles designed for racing
- Used tyres, except where such tyres are imported from a third country.
EU energy label for tyres
The tyre label must specify the name of the supplier. It must also have a printed QR code which the consumer can use to directly access the EU product database and obtain detailed information about the tyres. The tyre type identifier must also be available using the QR code.
The label comprises the following classification sections:
- The tyre's classification into the colour-coded energy efficiency categories A to E, based on the rolling resistance.
- The tyre’s classification into wet traction categories A to E to indicate its level of grip on wet roads.
- The tyre’s classification A to C, supplemented by the indication of the decibel level for external rolling noise.
In the case of tyres designed specifically for use in severe snow and ice conditions, the tyre label should also include symbols for the snow and ice grip.
Consumers can use the QR code to access the public part of the EU product database (EPREL). Here you can check the information stated on the label and find other information about the product.
Measurement criteria and implementation
Rolling resistance is measured on a test bench. Allocation to the corresponding category (A to E) is made after comparing the utilised drum test rig with a reference test bench. The method for measuring rolling resistance was defined by the relevant body of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).
The wet traction level (G for grip) is determined during a test with a standardised vehicle on a wet, smooth surface. The method for measuring wet traction is defined in Regulation 117 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).
The limit levels for the various categories are listed in Appendix 1, EU Regulation No. 2020/740. The method for measuring rolling noise is defined in Regulation 117 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).
The noise levels of tyres currently available on the market with identical dimensions for cars vary by up to 6 dB, which is equivalent to a reduction in the traffic volume by 75 percent. A reduction by 3 dB already equates to a halving of the traffic volume. The aim of the tyre list is to inform buyers that many tyres that have been optimised in terms of noise and safety are available on the Swiss market. Less noise means a higher quality of life.
Tests have shown that increasing the wet traction of tyres cannot be achieved independently of their rolling resistance. The label therefore provides information about a tyre’s wet traction as a safety-relevant aspect. Research is currently focused on tyre technologies and rubber compounds with the aim of finding a solution to this conflict of objectives.
The TCS tests tyres on the basis of criteria that encompass numerous safety requirements and also take account of fuel consumption. It is therefore advisable to choose tyres that have been labelled by the TCS as “strongly recommended” or “recommended”.
When choosing a tyre, preference should be given to products with a positive energy efficiency rating (rolling resistance category in the green segment) if they also indicate good levels in terms of safety and noise. If a particular tyre turns out to be more expensive, the extra costs can be offset by the savings in fuel consumption.
Technical aspects relating to energy, noise and safety
The special properties of quieter tyres do not have a negative impact on safety. Experience has shown that tyres labelled by the TCS as “recommended” or “strongly recommended” are also optimised in terms of noise and comfort, and are thus quieter than those designated as “not recommended”. Tyres awarded three or four stars by TCS, and for which a low external rolling noise level is depicted on the label, are both quiet and safe. On the other hand, there is a conflict of objectives between wet traction and rolling resistance, but here too progress has been made.
Quiet tyres are made with a special rubber compound using newly developed materials, and their tread is optimised for low noise. Their prices are roughly the same as those for conventional products. The mileage performance of quiet tyres is similar to that of conventional products. Although the audible rolling noise level in the interior of a vehicle is primarily attributable to the transfer of vibrations from the chassis to the car body, a certain gain in terms of comfort for the occupants can be achieved through the use of quiet tyres. By contrast, fluctuations in air pressure only have a minor influence on a tyre’s rolling noise level.
The prices of “better” tyres are more or less the same as those for conventional products, though here too there are some variations. Any additional costs can be offset through savings in fuel consumption thanks to the lower rolling resistance.
Summer and winter tyres differ not only in terms of their tread, but also in the composition of the rubber compound. The compound used in summer tyres has to be able to ensure optimal grip at high outside temperatures and is thus adapted accordingly.
Safety: At low temperatures, the rubber compound used in summer tyres hardens and becomes rigid. This means that summer tyres can no longer ensure the necessary performance. They are already unsuitable at low temperatures, i.e. not just when there is snow and ice on the roads. Braking tests at 40 km/h show that a vehicle equipped with summer tyres requires approximately twice the braking distance on snow in comparison with a vehicle equipped with winter tyres.
Safety: In the summer, all-season tyres are subject to increased wear and tear and thus deteriorate more quickly than summer tyres. In the winter, it should be noted that all-season tyres do not have anywhere near the same level of grip and traction (the force by which a vehicle is accelerated) on snow and ice as designated winter tyres. In recent years, the development of all-season tyres has focused on the requirements to be met under winter conditions (wet roads, behaviour on snow and ice). Consequently, these tyres do not function optimally in the summer. With all-season tyres, the costs associated with owning two sets of tyres (for summer and winter) can be saved, because there is no longer a need to change tyres, nor does the second set have to be stored. But since all-season tyres tend to be more expensive to buy, and their degree of wear and tear in the summer is greater, the theoretical savings are cancelled out.
Energy efficiency: All-season tyres increase fuel consumption by up to 0.4 litres per 100 kilometres compared with the use of summer and winter tyres.
No, there is no legal requirement for equipping a vehicle with winter tyres in Switzerland. However, anyone whose vehicle gets stuck on a snow-covered road with unsuitable (i.e. summer) tyres or causes an accident can be held accountable for the consequences.
Safety: With respect to safety, tests have shown that the braking distance on snow is twice as long with summer tyres as it is with winter tyres.
Safety: Winter tyres that no longer have sufficient tread (approximately 4 mm) to be used in the next winter should not be “finished off” in the summer. The rubber compound of winter tyres is specifically designed for use in colder conditions. At higher temperatures, the degree of wear and tear of winter tyres increases by up to 15 percent. As tests conducted by TCS clearly show, if winter tyres are used in the summer, their braking distance is significantly longer on wet roads and drastically longer on dry roads.
Energy efficiency: If winter tyres are used during the summer, this can increase the vehicle’s fuel consumption.
Safety: TCS tests have shown that, as a tyre’s tread depth decreases, the braking distance on a wet road lengthens considerably, especially at speeds above 80 km/h. For both winter and summer tyres, the legally required minimum tread depth is 1.6 mm. TCS recommends a minimum tread depth of 4 mm for winter tyres and 3 mm for summer tyres.
Easy measurement method: Insert a one Swiss franc piece into the tyre tread. If the pedestal on which Helvetia is standing is not visible, the tyre has sufficient residual tread for another summer season.
The tyre pressure specified by the manufacturer, or an indication of where this information can be found, is normally provided in the operating instructions. TCS recommends exceeding the manufacturer’s specification by up to 0.5 bar. This reduces fuel consumption, improves the vehicle’s road handling and barely reduces the degree of comfort.
Tyres are the vehicle’s sole contact with the road surface. For each wheel, the contact area is equivalent to the size of a postcard.
Safety: Low tyre pressure can make braking and steering more difficult and reduce the vehicle’s driving performance. Low tyre pressure can also be dangerous. Due to low pressure the tyre's shoulder section and side wall can be placed under greater load and its temperature consequently increases. In the worst case, this can lead to excessive strain on the tyre and cause it to burst. Electronic aids such as anti-blocking and electronic stability systems cannot compensate low tyre pressure.
Energy efficiency: Tyre pressure influences rolling resistance. In the same way as with a bicycle, if the tyre pressure is too low, more energy is required for movement. Tests have shown that fuel consumption can increase by up to 0.3 litres per 100 kilometres if the tyre pressure is too low. This means that the correct tyre pressure is not only important for safety reasons, but can also save money.
Noise: Incorrect tyre pressure can influence the way in which the tyre tread is worn down, and this can result in a significantly higher noise level.
If a vehicle is left standing where it is exposed to sunlight and the sun shines directly onto the tyres, the tyre pressure increases by around 0.2 bar. When the vehicle is in motion, the tyre pressure returns to normal. This circumstance has to be taken into account when the tyre pressure is being checked. In view of this, the tyre pressure should always before checked before departure, i.e. when the tyres are at ambient temperature.
Energy efficiency: With each additional load of 100 kilograms, the fuel consumption increases by approximately 0.5 litres per 100 kilometres. Higher tyre pressure can mitigate this effect to some extent. For lengthy motorway journeys with a heavy load, TCS recommends increasing the tyre pressure by 0.2 bar.